Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity using the photoelectric effect. When photons from the sun hit a silicon crystal, they knock electrons loose, generating a direct current. This current is then converted to alternating current by an inverter for home use.
Over the past decades, the cost of solar panels has plummeted, making solar energy one of the most affordable power sources. However, challenges remain, such as the "duck curve" — a mismatch between peak solar generation and peak demand — and outdated grid infrastructure.
While the technology is efficient and abundant, the biggest hurdles are now political and logistical. Reducing "soft costs" like permitting and grid integration is essential for a full transition to renewable energy.